A dynamic system is defined as which statement?

A dynamic system is defined as which statement?

• A. Output depends on present input values only.
• B. Output depends on past, present, and future inputs.
• C. Output is the same as the input.
• D. Output depends only on future input.

Answer: (B)

Dynamic systems have memory: the output at a given time can depend on input values from other times, not just the input at that exact instant. This means the system’s behavior is influenced by past inputs and, in some cases, future inputs as well. That broad idea is captured by saying the output depends on past, present, and future inputs, since it acknowledges that information from different times can shape the response.

The other statements describe memoryless (static) behavior, where the output relies only on the current input, or an unconventional case where the output equals the input or depends only on future inputs. Those do not reflect the memory aspect that characterizes dynamic systems.